Labeling a module defective or non-defective is an expensive task. Hence, there are often limits on how much-labeled data is available for training. Semi-supervised classifiers use far fewer labels for training models, but there are numerous semi-supervised methods, including self-labeling, co-training, maximal-margin, and graph-based methods, to name a few. Only a handful of these methods have been tested in SE for (e.g.) predicting defects and even that, those tests have been on just a handful of projects. This paper takes a wide range of 55 semi-supervised learners and applies these to over 714 projects. We find that semi-supervised "co-training methods" work significantly better than other approaches. However, co-training needs to be used with caution since the specific choice of co-training methods needs to be carefully selected based on a user's specific goals. Also, we warn that a commonly-used co-training method ("multi-view"-- where different learners get different sets of columns) does not improve predictions (while adding too much to the run time costs 11 hours vs. 1.8 hours). Those cautions stated, we find using these "co-trainers," we can label just 2.5% of data, then make predictions that are competitive to those using 100% of the data. It is an open question worthy of future work to test if these reductions can be seen in other areas of software analytics. All the codes used and datasets analyzed during the current study are available in the https://GitHub.com/Suvodeep90/Semi_Supervised_Methods.
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在机器学习模型道德偏见已经成为软件工程界关注的一个问题。大多数现有软件工程的作品集中在模型寻找道德偏见,而不是修复它。发现偏差后,下一步就是缓解。在此之前研究人员主要是试图利用监督的方法来实现公平。与值得信赖的地面实况然而,在现实世界中,获得的数据是具有挑战性的,也基本事实可以包含人为偏差。半监督学习是一种机器学习技术,其中,递增地,标记的数据被用于生成伪标签中的数据的剩余部分(然后全部数据被用于模型训练)。在这项工作中,我们采用四种常用的半监督技术作为伪贴标创造公平分类模型。我们的框架,公平SSL,需要标记的数据的一个非常小的量(10%)作为输入,并为未标记的数据生成伪标签。然后,我们综合生成新的数据点,以平衡基础类,并提议Chakraborty等人的保护属性的训练数据。在2021年FSE最后,分类模型被训练在平衡伪标记的数据和测试数据进行了验证。实验十项数据集和三个学生后,我们发现,公平SSL实现了性能先进设备,最先进的三个偏置抑制算法类似。这就是说,公平SSL的明显优势在于,它仅需要10%的标记的训练数据。据我们所知,这是在半监督技术被用来针对SE型号ML道德偏见争第一SE工作。
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Knowledge distillation is often used to transfer knowledge from a strong teacher model to a relatively weak student model. Traditional knowledge distillation methods include response-based methods and feature-based methods. Response-based methods are used the most widely but suffer from lower upper limit of model performance, while feature-based methods have constraints on the vocabularies and tokenizers. In this paper, we propose a tokenizer-free method liberal feature-based distillation (LEAD). LEAD aligns the distribution between teacher model and student model, which is effective, extendable, portable and has no requirements on vocabularies, tokenizer, or model architecture. Extensive experiments show the effectiveness of LEAD on several widely-used benchmarks, including MS MARCO Passage, TREC Passage 19, TREC Passage 20, MS MARCO Document, TREC Document 19 and TREC Document 20.
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This paper presents E5, a family of state-of-the-art text embeddings that transfer well to a wide range of tasks. The model is trained in a contrastive manner with weak supervision signals from our curated large-scale text pair dataset (called CCPairs). E5 can be readily used as a general-purpose embedding model for any tasks requiring a single-vector representation of texts such as retrieval, clustering, and classification, achieving strong performance in both zero-shot and fine-tuned settings. We conduct extensive evaluations on 56 datasets from the BEIR and MTEB benchmarks. For zero-shot settings, E5 is the first model that outperforms the strong BM25 baseline on the BEIR retrieval benchmark without using any labeled data. When fine-tuned, E5 obtains the best results on the MTEB benchmark, beating existing embedding models with 40x more parameters.
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We present a retrospective on the state of Embodied AI research. Our analysis focuses on 13 challenges presented at the Embodied AI Workshop at CVPR. These challenges are grouped into three themes: (1) visual navigation, (2) rearrangement, and (3) embodied vision-and-language. We discuss the dominant datasets within each theme, evaluation metrics for the challenges, and the performance of state-of-the-art models. We highlight commonalities between top approaches to the challenges and identify potential future directions for Embodied AI research.
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知识蒸馏是将知识从强大的教师转移到有效的学生模型的有效方法。理想情况下,我们希望老师越好,学生越好。但是,这种期望并不总是成真。通常,由于教师和学生之间的不可忽略的差距,更好的教师模型通过蒸馏导致不良学生。为了弥合差距,我们提出了一种渐进式蒸馏方法,以进行致密检索。产品由教师渐进式蒸馏和数据进行渐进的蒸馏组成,以逐步改善学生。我们对五个广泛使用的基准,MARCO通道,TREC Passage 19,TREC文档19,MARCO文档和自然问题进行了广泛的实验,其中POD在蒸馏方法中实现了密集检索的最新方法。代码和模型将发布。
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由于免费的在线百科全书具有大量内容,因此Wikipedia和Wikidata是许多自然语言处理(NLP)任务的关键,例如信息检索,知识基础构建,机器翻译,文本分类和文本摘要。在本文中,我们介绍了Wikides,这是一个新颖的数据集,用于为文本摘要问题提供Wikipedia文章的简短描述。该数据集由6987个主题上的80K英语样本组成。我们设置了一种两阶段的摘要方法 - 描述生成(I阶段)和候选排名(II阶段)作为一种依赖于转移和对比学习的强大方法。对于描述生成,与其他小规模的预训练模型相比,T5和BART表现出了优越性。通过将对比度学习与Beam Search的不同输入一起应用,基于度量的排名模型优于直接描述生成模型,在主题独立拆分和独立于主题的独立拆分中,最高可达22个胭脂。此外,第II期中的结果描述得到了人类评估的支持,其中45.33%以上,而I阶段的23.66%则支持针对黄金描述。在情感分析方面,生成的描述无法有效地从段落中捕获所有情感极性,同时从黄金描述中更好地完成此任务。自动产生的新描述减少了人类为创建它们的努力,并丰富了基于Wikidata的知识图。我们的论文对Wikipedia和Wikidata产生了实际影响,因为有成千上万的描述。最后,我们预计Wikides将成为从短段落中捕获显着信息的相关作品的有用数据集。策划的数据集可公开可用:https://github.com/declare-lab/wikides。
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评论包含有关产品特征和用户兴趣的丰富信息,因此通常用于提高建议系统性能。具体而言,先前的工作表明,共同学习进行审查生成可以改善评级预测性能。同时,这些模型制作的评论是推荐说明,为用户提供了有关预测评分的见解。但是,尽管现有模型可能会产生流利的人类样评论,但尚不清楚评论在多大程度上完全揭示了共同预测的评级背后的理由。在这项工作中,我们执行一系列评估,以探究最先进的模型及其审查生成部分。我们表明,生成的解释是脆弱的,需要进一步评估,然后才能作为估计评级的字面原理。
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最近的模型可以产生流利和语法合成评论,同时准确预测用户评分。生成的评论表达了用户对相关产品的估计意见,通常被视为自然语言“理由”,共同预测的评级。但是,先前的研究发现,现有模型通常会产生重复性,普遍适用和通用的解释,从而导致非信息原理。此外,我们的分析表明,以前的模型生成的内容通常包含事实幻觉。这些问题要求采用新颖的解决方案,这些解决方案可以产生信息丰富的和事实扎根的解释。受到最新使用检索内容的启发,除了生成的参数知识外,我们建议用个性化的检索器增强发电机,在该发现者的启发下,猎犬的输出是增强发电机的外部知识。关于Yelp,TripAdvisor和Amazon Movie评论数据集的实验表明,我们的模型可以产生解释,即更可靠地需要进行现有评论,更多样化,并且由人类评估人员评为更有信息。
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房间冲动响应(RIR)函数捕获周围的物理环境如何改变听众听到的声音,对AR,VR和机器人技术中的各种应用产生影响。估计RIR的传统方法在整个环境中采用密集的几何形状和/或声音测量值,但我们探讨了如何根据空间中观察到的一组稀疏图像和回声来推断RIR。为了实现这一目标,我们介绍了一种基于变压器的方法,该方法使用自我注意力来构建丰富的声学环境,然后通过跨注意来预测任意查询源接收器位置的河流。此外,我们设计了一个新颖的训练目标,该目标改善了RIR预测与目标之间的声学​​特征中的匹配。在使用3D环境的最先进的视听模拟器的实验中,我们证明了我们的方法成功地生成了任意RIR,优于最先进的方法,并且在与传统方法的主要背离中 - 以几种方式概括新的环境。项目:http://vision.cs.utexas.edu/projects/fs_rir。
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